Clinical Drug Experience Knowledgebase

Risperidone in the Treatment of Behavioral Disturbances in Demented Patients: an International, Multicenter, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind, Parallel-group Trial Using Haloperidol as Internal Reference

Dementia is a term used for a collection of symptoms that can be caused by a number of diseases or injuries that affect the brain. Individuals with dementia have a loss of function in cognition (thinking, perception, learning, verbal communication, memory, judgment), which may lead to behavioral and personality changes (for example, agitation, delusions, hallucinations). Some causes of dementia are reversible; however, irreversible dementia is caused by certain conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease. Dementia is common in elderly individuals, but it is not a normal part of aging. This is a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study comparing the effectiveness and safety of risperidone to placebo in patients with behavioral disturbances associated with dementia. Haloperidol is included as a reference therapy to confirm that the efficacy analyses are valid. The study is composed of two periods: a 1-week run-in period in which patients are discontinued from other antipsychotic drugs and take placebo twice daily and a 12-week double-blind treatment period. At the end of the run-in period, patients are randomly assigned to one of three risperidone doses, or placebo, or haloperidol (all oral solutions). The starting dose of risperidone and haloperidol is 0.25 milligrams (mg) twice daily, which is increased gradually to a maximum dose of 2 mg/day. If the patient does not have a sufficient response, the dose can be gradually increased to a maximum of 4 mg/day. The patient receives these doses for the remainder of the double-blind period. The primary measure of effectiveness is a reduction of >= 30% from baseline to the end of double-blind treatment on the total Behavior Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale (BEHAVE-AD) score. The BEHAVE-AD is a rating scale used to evaluate behavior symptoms in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Additional efficacy measures include the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI), a rating system used to evaluate the overall and severity of clinical change in a patient with various diseases affecting the brain; the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI), a questionnaire evaluating agitation; the Functional Assessment Staging (FAST), a diagnostic tool for determining the stage of dementia; and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), a clinical measure used to evaluate cognition. Safety evaluations include the incidence of adverse events; results of clinical laboratory tests (hematology, biochemistry, urinalysis); measurements of vital signs; physical and neurological examinations and electrocardiogram (ECG) findings; evaluations of the presence and severity of sedation; a computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain; and the Extrapyramidal Symptoms Rating Scale (ESRS), a scale used to measure effects of antipsychotic medications on motor functions of the patient. The study hypothesis is that risperidone is more effective than placebo, as measured by a change from baseline on the total BEHAVE-AD score, in treating behavioral disturbances in demented patients. Risperidone oral solution 1 mg/mL; haloperidol oral solution, 1 mg/mL; placebo oral solution. Starting doses of 0.25 mg twice daily and increasing to 2 mg/day. If 2 mg/day shows an insufficient response, a maximum of 4 mg/day of risperidone or haloperidol is permitted. Total treatment duration is 12 weeks.