Clinical Drug Experience Knowledgebase

Assessment of the Immunomodulatory Effect of Zinc Supplementation on the Clinical Evolution of Children With Pneumonia

Background: Pneumonia is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, especially in developing countries like ours. Of an estimated 8.795 million deaths in children under 5 in the world in 2008, 68% were infectious causes, with the highest percentage due to pneumonia in 18%, followed by diarrhea in 15% and malaria in 8%, 41% of the deaths were in neonates, pneumonia being the 4th cause of death in this age group. Acute respiratory infections, diarrhea and malnutrition together cause 10% of deaths among children under 1 year of age. In Mexico, a pneumonia mortality rate of 120 per 100,000 inhabitants is reported in children under 1 year of age, and 5 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in children from 1 to 4 years of age in 2007.

The results of the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT), carried out in 2006 by the National Institute of Public Health, showed that 472,890 children under five years of age were classified as underweight (5%), 1,194,805 with low height (12.7%) and around 153,000 children with wasting (1.6%). The overall prevalence of anemia in urban areas was 22.8%, while in rural areas was 26.1%. Likewise, it is known that there are specific deficiencies of some micronutrients, such as vitamin A, C, E, zinc, iron, folic acid and iodine, among others. Malnourished children loose between 12 and 15% of their intellectual potential, have a higher risk of infectious diseases 8 to 12 times more than a healthy child and are more prone to chronic degenerative diseases. Malnutrition causes among others an effect of immunosuppression. One of the micronutrients that is decreased in malnutrition is zinc. Zinc is an essential cofactor for many proteins involved in cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. During zinc deficiency, the development of T lymphocytes, the polarization in effector cells and their function are altered. This leads to a decrease in the number of T cells, a decrease in the ratio of Th1 to Th2 cells with a decrease in the production of Th1 cytokines such as interferon gamma, and alteration in the defense mediated by T cells. In malnourished children zinc supplementation restores the immune response. Reports of zinc supplementation in children with infectious diseases are controversial. A study in Uganda reports that supplementation with zinc in children from 6 months to 5 years of age with severe pneumonia decreased the mortality from 12% to 4%, with a relative risk reduction of 0.67. Cellular immunity plays a very important role in the defense of the host against viruses and bacteria, zinc supplementation in children who have some degree of malnutrition and who suffer a serious infection could improve the immune response and improve the ability to respond to acute infection.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of zinc supplementation in the clinical course of children with pneumonia, to evaluate the lymphoproliferative and cytokine response in these children and to explore whether the viral or bacterial etiology is related to the clinical response to supplementation with this micronutrient.

Methods: This is a clinical, randomized, prospective, controlled, double blinded study. Children from 1 month to 5 years of age will be included, with the clinical and / or radiological diagnosis of pneumonia that enter the emergency room of the participant institutions. Empirical treatment for pneumonia will begin and each patient will be randomized 1:1 in 2 groups. One will receive zinc supplementation (10 mg of zinc sulfate in children younger than 1 year old and 20 mg of zinc sulfate in children older than 1 year old) and another a placebo (glucose 10 mg). Samples will be taken to determine the etiology (pharyngeal exudate, nasal lavage for multiplex polymerase chain reaction for 16 respiratory viruses and 6 bacteria) and a blood sample to measure the cytokine pattern and the lymphoproliferative response. After 7 days of treatment, a second sample will be taken for immunological studies (cytokine pattern and lymphoproliferative response). The following parameters will be measured to evaluate the clinical evolution: respiratory rate, temperature, oxygen saturation, inability to eat, duration of cough, crackling, temperature normalization time, normalization time of oxygen saturation, normalization time of the respiratory rate, hospitalization time and outcome (discharge due to clinical improvement or death). A correlation will be made between the improvement in clinical parameters and mortality in the zinc supplementation group and the probable bacterial or viral etiology.