Official Title
Lidocaine For Neuroprotection During Cardiac Surgery
Phase
N/ALead Sponsor
Duke UniversityStudy Type
InterventionalStatus
Completed Results PostedIndication/Condition
Cognitive DeclineIntervention/Treatment
lidocaine ...Study Participants
550The purpose of this study is to see if a drug called lidocaine prevents cognitive injury (a decline in mental abilities) after heart surgery. Lidocaine is currently FDA approved and is commonly used for treating some heart rhythm disorders and for regional anesthesia (blocking nerves). The investigators are enrolling subjects in this research project to see if lidocaine will reduce the high incidence of cognitive injury seen after heart surgery. As part of this study, the investigators will also evaluate the relationship between cognitive injury and genetic makeup and the chemical changes in the subjects blood during and after surgery.
Lidocaine versus placebo infusion for 48 hours
Lidocaine versus placebo infusion for 48 hours
Inclusion Criteria: CABG, CABG + Valve, or Valve surgery Use of cardiopulmonary bypass Exclusion Criteria: Less than 50 years of age History of diabetes History of symptomatic cerebrovascular disease (e.g. prior stroke) with residual deficit Alcoholism (> 2 drinks/day) History of psychiatric illness (any clinical diagnoses requiring therapy) History of drug abuse (any illicit drug use in the past 3 months) Hepatic insufficiency (liver function tests > 1.5 times the upper limit of normal) Severe pulmonary insufficiency (requiring home oxygen therapy) Renal failure (baseline serum creatinine > 2.0 mg/dl) Pregnant women Unable to read and thus unable to complete the cognitive testing Score < 24 on a baseline Mini Mental State examination (MMSE) or greater than or equal to 27 on the baseline Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale -
| Event Type | Organ System | Event Term | Lidocaine | Placebo |
|---|
To characterize cognitive function over time, while minimizing potential redundancy in the cognitive measures, a factor analysis was performed on the 14 cognitive test scores from baseline. We chose a five-factor solution, which represents 5 cognitive domains: structured verbal memory, unstructured verbal memory, executive function, visual memory and attention/concentration. To quantify overall cognitive function, a baseline cognitive index was first calculated as the mean of the 5 preoperative domain scores. The cognitive index score has a mean of zero, thus any positive score is above the mean, any negative score is below the mean. A continuous change score was then calculated by subtracting the baseline from the 6-week cognitive index. The resulting outcome measure is unbounded with standard deviation of 0.35. A negative change score indicating decline and a positive score indicating improvement.
To characterize cognitive function over time, while minimizing potential redundancy in the cognitive measures, a factor analysis was performed on the 14 cognitive test scores from baseline. We chose a five-factor solution, which represents 5 cognitive domains: structured verbal memory, unstructured verbal memory, executive function, visual memory and attention/concentration. Each domain score is normally distributed with a mean of zero. A change score was calculated for each domain by subtracting the baseline from the 6-week score. A dichotomous outcome variable of post-operative cognitive deficit was defined as a decline of ≥1 standard deviation in 1 or more of the 5 domains.
Paired jugular venous and radial arterial blood samples were drawn at baseline, cross-clamp removal, end of cardiopulmonary bypass, and 6 hours post cross-clamp removalime points and analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting to identify activated platelets. Transcerebral activation gradients were calculated by subtracting arterial values from venous values and were compared between groups
Paired jugular venous and radial arterial blood samples were drawn at baseline, cross-clamp removal, end of cardiopulmonary bypass, and 6 hours post cross-clamp removal and analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting to identify activated platelets. Transcerebral activation gradients were calculated by subtracting arterial values from venous values and were compared between groups
Paired jugular venous and radial arterial blood samples were drawn at baseline, cross-clamp removal, end of cardiopulmonary bypass, and 6 hours post cross-clamp removalime points and analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting to identify activated platelets. Transcerebral activation gradients were calculated by subtracting arterial values from venous values and were compared between groups
Paired jugular venous and radial arterial blood samples were drawn at baseline, cross-clamp removal, end of cardiopulmonary bypass, and 6 hours post cross-clamp removalime points and analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting to identify activated platelets. Transcerebral activation gradients were calculated by subtracting arterial values from venous values and were compared between groups
To characterize cognitive function over time, while minimizing potential redundancy in the cognitive measures, a factor analysis was performed on the 14 cognitive test scores from baseline. We chose a five-factor solution, which represents 5 cognitive domains: structured verbal memory, unstructured verbal memory, executive function, visual memory and attention/concentration. To quantify overall cognitive function, a baseline cognitive index was first calculated as the mean of the 5 preoperative domain scores. The cognitive index score has a mean of zero, thus any positive score is above the mean, any negative score is below the mean. A continuous change score was then calculated by subtracting the baseline from the 1 year cognitive index. The resulting outcome measure is unbounded with standard deviation of 0.35. A negative change score indicating decline and a positive score indicating improvement
Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). The CES-D is a 20-item self-report examination designed to measure symptoms of depression. Subjects rate the degree to which they have experienced a range of symptoms of depression, such as "I had crying spells" and "I felt lonely." Scores range from 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating greater depressive symptoms. Scores greater than 16 are typically considered indicative of clinically significant depression.
The DASI is a 12-item scale of functional capacity that has been found to correlate well with objective measures of maximal exercise capacity. Items reflect activities of personal care, ambulation, household tasks, sexual function, and recreational activities. Activities done "with no difficulty" receive scores, which are weighted and summed, for a quantitative measure of functional status. Scores range from 0 to 60; a higher-weighted score indicates better function.
Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). The CES-D is a 20-item self-report examination designed to measure symptoms of depression. Subjects rate the degree to which they have experienced a range of symptoms of depression, such as "I had crying spells" and "I felt lonely." Scores range from 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating greater depressive symptoms. Scores greater than 16 are typically considered indicative of clinically significant depression.
The DASI is a 12-item scale of functional capacity that has been found to correlate well with objective measures of maximal exercise capacity. Items reflect activities of personal care, ambulation, household tasks, sexual function, and recreational activities. Activities done "with no difficulty" receive scores, which are weighted and summed, for a quantitative measure of functional status. Scores range from 0 to 60; a higher-weighted score indicates better function.
The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is a 15-item neurologic examination stroke scale used to evaluate the effect of acute cerebral infarction on the levels of consciousness, language, neglect, visual-field loss, extraocular movement, motor strength, ataxia, dysarthria, and sensory loss. A trained observer rates the patent's ability to answer questions and perform activities. Ratings for each item are scored with 3 to 5 grades with 0 as normal, and there is an allowance for untestable items. The range of scores is from 0 (normal) to 42 (profound effect of stroke on patient).
The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is a 15-item neurologic examination stroke scale used to evaluate the effect of acute cerebral infarction on the levels of consciousness, language, neglect, visual-field loss, extraocular movement, motor strength, ataxia, dysarthria, and sensory loss. A trained observer rates the patent's ability to answer questions and perform activities. Ratings for each item are scored with 3 to 5 grades with 0 as normal, and there is an allowance for untestable items. The range of scores is from 0 (normal) to 42 (profound effect of stroke on patient).
Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (STAI): The STAI consists of two 20-item scales that measure anxiety. Representative items include statements such as "I feel nervous" and "I feel worried." These items are rated on a 4-point scale, based on how well they describe the patient's current or typical mood, from "not at all" to "very much so." Scores range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater anxiety.
Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (STAI): The STAI consists of two 20-item scales that measure anxiety. Representative items include statements such as "I feel nervous" and "I feel worried." These items are rated on a 4-point scale, based on how well they describe the patient's current or typical mood, from "not at all" to "very much so." Scores range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater anxiety.
Symptom limitations: Patients were given a list of eight symptoms and asked to rate the degree to which the symptom limited daily activities. The symptoms were angina, shortness of breath, arthritis, back trouble, leg pains, headaches, fatigue, and other. Scores range from 8 to 32, with higher scores indicating greater limitations.
Symptom limitations: Patients were given a list of eight symptoms and asked to rate the degree to which the symptom limited daily activities. The symptoms were angina, shortness of breath, arthritis, back trouble, leg pains, headaches, fatigue, and other. Scores range from 8 to 32, with higher scores indicating greater limitations.
Duke Older Americans Resources and Services Procedures- Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (OARS-IADL): This measure contains six items that assess the ability to perform important tasks for daily living (e.g., "Could you prepare your own meals?" "Could you drive a car?"). Scores range from 6 to 24. Higher scores indicate increasing difficulty in engaging in daily activities.
Duke Older Americans Resources and Services Procedures- Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (OARS-IADL): This measure contains six items that assess the ability to perform important tasks for daily living (e.g., "Could you prepare your own meals?" "Could you drive a car?"). Scores range from 6 to 24. Higher scores indicate increasing difficulty in engaging in daily activities.
Cognitive Difficulties Scale: a 39-item scale, is a self-report assessment of perceived problems in long- and short-term memory, concentration, attention, and psycho-motor coordination. Sample items are "I forget errands I planned to do" and "I fail to recognize people I know." Scores range from 39 to 164, with higher scores indicating greater cognitive difficulty.
Cognitive Difficulties Scale: a 39-item scale, is a self-report assessment of perceived problems in long- and short-term memory, concentration, attention, and psycho-motor coordination. Sample items are "I forget errands I planned to do" and "I fail to recognize people I know." Scores range from 39 to 164, with higher scores indicating greater cognitive difficulty.
Perceived Social Support Scale: Twelve items indicate how strongly subjects agree that there is "a special person who is around when I am in need" and "my family really tries to help me." Choices range from "very strongly disagree" to "very strongly agree." Items are summed for a range of 12 to 84, with a high score meaning more social support.
Perceived Social Support Scale: Twelve items indicate how strongly subjects agree that there is "a special person who is around when I am in need" and "my family really tries to help me." Choices range from "very strongly disagree" to "very strongly agree." Items are summed for a range of 12 to 84, with a high score meaning more social support.
Social Activity: This measure consisted of eight items that indicate the degree of social interaction. Sample items are "How often do you talk on the telephone with friends and relatives?" and "How often do you attend meetings of social groups, clubs, or civic organizations?" Scores range from 8 to 32. A lower score indicates more social activity.
Social Activity: This measure consisted of eight items that indicate the degree of social interaction. Sample items are "How often do you talk on the telephone with friends and relatives?" and "How often do you attend meetings of social groups, clubs, or civic organizations?" Scores range from 8 to 32. A lower score indicates more social activity.
The Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36): The SF-36 was designed to measure general health status. Two scales were used: Work Activities (four items) and General Health (one item). For the work activities scale, the reported score was the sum of four questions, each with values ranging from 1 to 4, the total score could range from 4 to 16. A higher score on Work Activities indicates more health-related problems For the general health question, the patients ranked their health from Excellent (1) to poor (5), the scale ranged from 1 to 5 with 1 being best health and 5 being worst. A high score in General Health indicates poorer health state.
The Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36): The SF-36 was designed to measure general health status. Two scales were used: Work Activities (four items) and General Health (one item). For the work activities scale, the reported score was the sum of four questions, each with values ranging from 1 to 4, the total score could range from 4 to 16. A higher score on Work Activities indicates more health-related problems For the general health question, the patients ranked their health from Excellent (1) to poor (5), the scale ranged from 1 to 5 with 1 being best health and 5 being worst. A high score in General Health indicates poorer health state.
The Western perioperative neurologic scale was designed to detect neurologic deficits after cardiac surgery. It includes 14 items classified into eight domains (mentation, speech, cranial nerve function, motor weakness, sensation and cerebellum, reflexes, and gait). Each item is scored from 0 (severe deficit) to3 (normal), and a maximum score of 42 indicates normal neurological function.
The Western perioperative neurologic scale was designed to detect neurologic deficits after cardiac surgery. It includes 14 items classified into eight domains (mentation, speech, cranial nerve function, motor weakness, sensation and cerebellum, reflexes, and gait). Each item is scored from 0 (severe deficit) to3 (normal), and a maximum score of 42 indicates normal neurological function.
