Active Ingredient History
Chloroquine (brand name Aralen) is indicated for the suppressive treatment and for acute attacks of malaria due to P. vivax, P.malariae, P. ovale, and susceptible strains of P. falciparum. The drug is also indicated for the treatment of extraintestinal amebiasis. In addition, chloroquine is in clinical trials as an investigational antiretroviral in humans with HIV-1/AIDS and as a potential antiviral agent against chikungunya fever. The mechanism of plasmodicidal action of chloroquine is not completely certain. However, is existed theory, that like other quinoline derivatives, it is thought to inhibit heme polymerase activity. The heme moiety consists of a porphyrin ring called Fe(II)-protoporphyrin IX (FP). To avoid destruction by this molecule, the parasite biocrystallizes heme to form hemozoin, a non-toxic molecule. Chloroquine enters the red blood cell, inhabiting parasite cell, and digestive vacuole by simple diffusion. Chloroquine then becomes protonated (to CQ2+), as the digestive vacuole is known to be acidic (pH 4.7); chloroquine then cannot leave by diffusion. Chloroquine caps hemozoin molecules to prevent further biocrystallization of heme, thus leading to heme buildup. Chloroquine binds to heme (or FP) to form what is known as the FP-Chloroquine complex; this complex is highly toxic to the cell and disrupts membrane function. NCATS
Combination drugs
| Organization | Org Type | FDA approvals | Clinical Trials involvement | Org ID | Force Sort |
|---|
| Organization | Org Type | FDA approvals | Clinical Trials involvement | Org ID | Force Sort |
|---|
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Phase 2)
Anemia (Phase 4)
Anemia, Sickle Cell (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Arthritis, Rheumatoid (Phase 4)
Astrocytoma (Phase 3)
Asymptomatic Diseases (Phase 4)
Atrial Fibrillation (Phase 2)
Breast Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Chikungunya virus (Phase 3)
Chloroquine (Phase 4)
Cholangiocarcinoma (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Chondrosarcoma (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Clinical Trial (Phase 2)
Coronavirus (Phase 3)
Coronavirus Infections (Phase 4)
COVID-19 (Phase 4)
Dengue (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (Phase 3)
Drug Evaluation (Phase 4)
Drugs, Investigational (Phase 2)
Dyslipidemias (Phase 2)
Glioblastoma (Phase 3)
Glioma (Phase 3)
Gliosarcoma (Phase 1)
Healthy Volunteers (Phase 4)
Hepacivirus (Phase 4)
Hepatitis, Autoimmune (Phase 4)
HIV (Phase 3)
HIV Infections (Phase 2)
Hydroxychloroquine (Phase 2)
Hypertension (Phase 2)
Influenza, Human (Phase 2)
Lung Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic (Phase 2)
Malaria ()
Malaria, Falciparum (Phase 4)
Malaria, Vivax (Phase 4)
Metabolic Syndrome (Phase 2)
Multiple Myeloma (Phase 2)
Neoplasm Metastasis (Phase 2)
Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial (Phase 3)
Osteoarthritis, Knee (Phase 4)
Overweight (Phase 2)
Pancreatic Neoplasms (Phase 1)
Parasitic Diseases (Phase 3)
Plasmodium vivax (Phase 4)
Pneumonia, Viral (Phase 2)
Prediabetic State (Phase 2)
Pregnancy (Phase 3)
Pregnancy Complications (Phase 4)
Rabies (Phase 4)
SARS-CoV-2 (Phase 4)
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (Phase 3)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (Phase 3)
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (Phase 1)
Therapeutics (Phase 3)
Tuberculosis (Phase 1)
| Trial | Phase | Start Date | Organizations | Indications |
|---|
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