Active Ingredient History
Butorphanol is a synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic with a pharmacological and therapeutic profile that has been well established since its launch as a parenteral formulation in 1978. The introduction of a transnasal formulation of butorphanol represents a new and noninvasive presentation of an analgesic for moderate to severe pain. This route of administration bypasses the gastrointestinal tract, and this is an advantage for a drug such as butorphanol that undergoes significant first-pass metabolism after oral administration. The onset of action and systemic bioavailability of butorphanol following transnasal delivery are similar to those after parenteral administration. Butorphanol blocks pain impulses at specific sites in the brain and spinal cord. Butorphanol has agonistic activity at the κ-receptor and antagonistic activity at the μ-receptor. It also exhibits partial agonistic activity at the σ-receptor. NCATS
Drug Pricing (per unit)
Note: This drug pricing data is preliminary, incomplete, and may contain errors.
| Organization | Org Type | FDA approvals | Clinical Trials involvement | Org ID | Force Sort |
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| Organization | Org Type | FDA approvals | Clinical Trials involvement | Org ID | Force Sort |
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Pain (approved 1978)
Abortion, Induced (Phase 4)
Analgesia (Phase 4)
Anxiety Disorders (Phase 4)
Curettage (Phase 4)
Drugs, Investigational (Phase 4)
Hydromorphone (Phase 4)
Hysterectomy (Phase 4)
Intensive Care Units (Phase 4)
Pain, Postoperative (Phase 4)
Respiratory Insufficiency (Phase 4)
| Trial | Phase | Start Date | Organizations | Indications |
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