Clinical Drug Experience Knowledgebase

Acidosis (Phase 2)

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Phase 3)

Acute Kidney Injury (Phase 3)

Acute Lung Injury (Phase 2)

Acute Pain (Phase 4)

Adamantinoma (Phase 2)

Adenocarcinoma (Phase 3)

Adrenoleukodystrophy (Phase 2)

Affective Disorders, Psychotic (Phase 3)

Aggression (Phase 2)

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections (Phase 4)

Alcoholism (Phase 4)

Altitude Sickness (Phase 3)

Alzheimer Disease (Phase 4)

Ameloblastoma (Phase 2)

Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors (Phase 2)

Anemia (Phase 3)

Anemia, Diamond-Blackfan (Phase 2)

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency (Phase 3)

Anemia, Sickle Cell (Phase 2)

Aneurysm (Phase 4)

Aortic Aneurysm (Phase 4)

Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal (Phase 4)

Arteriovenous Fistula (Phase 2)

Arthritis (Phase 4)

Arthritis, Psoriatic (Phase 2)

Arthritis, Rheumatoid (Phase 4)

Ascites (Phase 4)

Asphyxia (Phase 3)

Asphyxia Neonatorum (Phase 3)

Astrocytoma (Phase 2)

Atherosclerosis (Phase 4)

Atrial Fibrillation (Phase 4)

Atrophy (Phase 2)

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (Phase 4)

Autism Spectrum Disorder (Phase 2)

Autistic Disorder (Phase 2)

Back Pain (Phase 4)

Behavior, Addictive (Phase 2)

Bile Duct Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Biliary Atresia (Phase 1)

Binge-Eating Disorder (Phase 1)

Bipolar Disorder (Phase 4)

Birth Weight (Phase 3)

Blast Crisis (Phase 2)

Body Weight (Phase 3)

Bone Diseases (Phase 2)

Bone Diseases, Metabolic (Phase 2)

Bone Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Bone Resorption (Phase 2)

Brain Diseases (Phase 3)

Brain Edema (Phase 1)

Brain Injuries (Phase 1)

Brain Ischemia (Phase 2)

Brain Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Brain Stem Neoplasms (Phase 1)

Breast Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Breast Neoplasms, Male (Phase 2)

Bronchiolitis (Phase 1)

Bronchiolitis Obliterans (Phase 1)

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (Phase 3)

Bulimia (Phase 1)

Bulimia Nervosa (Phase 1)

Burkitt Lymphoma (Phase 2)

Calcinosis (Phase 2)

Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase I Deficiency Disease (Phase 2)

Carcinoid Tumor (Phase 2)

Carcinoma (Phase 3)

Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic (Phase 2)

Carcinoma, Basal Cell (Phase 2)

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular (Phase 3)

Carcinoma, Islet Cell (Phase 2)

Carcinoma, Merkel Cell (Phase 2)

Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid (Phase 2)

Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung (Phase 3)

Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial (Phase 3)

Carcinoma, Renal Cell (Phase 2)

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell (Phase 2)

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell (Phase 2)

Carcinoma, Verrucous (Phase 1)

Cardiomyopathies (Phase 2)

Cardiomyopathy, Dilated (Phase 2)

Cardiovascular Diseases (Phase 4)

Carotid Artery Diseases (Phase 2)

Celiac Disease (Phase 2)

Central Nervous System Infections (Phase 1)

Central Nervous System Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations (Phase 1)

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (Phase 1)

Cerebral Hemorrhage (Phase 2)

Cerebral Infarction (Phase 2)

Cerebral Palsy (Phase 2)

Chickenpox (Phase 4)

Cholangiocarcinoma (Phase 2)

Cholangitis (Phase 3)

Cholangitis, Sclerosing (Phase 3)

Cholera (Phase 3)

Chorioamnionitis (Phase 3)

Chronic Pain (Phase 4)

Cockayne Syndrome (Phase 2)

Cognition Disorders (Phase 4)

Cognitive Dysfunction (Phase 4)

Colitis (Phase 3)

Colitis, Ulcerative (Phase 3)

Colonic Neoplasms (Phase 3)

Colorectal Neoplasms (Phase 3)

Communicable Diseases (Phase 4)

Complex Regional Pain Syndromes (Phase 1)

Compulsive Personality Disorder (Phase 2)

Congenital Abnormalities (Phase 2)

Conjunctivitis (Phase 1)

Conjunctivitis, Allergic (Phase 1)

Constipation (Phase 3)

Constriction, Pathologic (Phase 4)

Conversion Disorder (Phase 4)

Coronary Disease (Phase 3)

Coronary Stenosis (Phase 2)

Coronavirus Infections (Phase 1)

Cystic Fibrosis (Phase 3)

Cystitis (Phase 2)

Cystitis, Interstitial (Phase 2)

Cytomegalovirus Infections (Phase 4)

Deficiency Diseases (Phase 2)

Delirium (Phase 4)

Depression (Phase 4)

Depressive Disorder (Phase 4)

Depressive Disorder, Major (Phase 4)

Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant (Phase 2)

Dermatitis (Phase 4)

Dermatitis, Atopic (Phase 4)

Dermatitis Herpetiformis (Phase 2)

Developmental Disabilities (Phase 1)

Diabetes Mellitus (Phase 4)

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 (Phase 4)

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 (Phase 4)

Diabetic Nephropathies (Phase 4)

Diarrhea (Phase 3)

Dilatation, Pathologic (Phase 3)

Disease (Phase 4)

Dissociative Disorders (Phase 4)

Diverticular Diseases (Phase 4)

Diverticulum (Phase 4)

Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions (Phase 2)

Ductus Arteriosus, Patent (Phase 3)

Dwarfism (Phase 4)

Dystonia (Phase 2)

Dystonic Disorders (Phase 2)

Eczema (Phase 4)

Edema (Phase 2)

Embolism (Phase 3)

Emergencies (Phase 2)

Endocrine Gland Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Endometrial Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Endometriosis (Phase 2)

Enuresis (Phase 4)

Eosinophilia (Phase 2)

Epidermolysis Bullosa (Phase 3)

Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica (Phase 3)

Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex (Phase 2)

Epilepsy (Phase 4)

Epiretinal Membrane (Phase 1)

Epistaxis (Phase 4)

Esophageal Motility Disorders (Phase 2)

Esophageal Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Esophageal Spasm, Diffuse (Phase 2)

Esophagitis, Peptic (Phase 2)

Esthesioneuroblastoma, Olfactory (Phase 2)

Eye Diseases (Phase 4)

Fallopian Tube Neoplasms (Phase 3)

Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension (Phase 2)

Fanconi Anemia (Phase 2)

Fanconi Syndrome (Phase 2)

Fatigue (Phase 3)

Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic (Phase 2)

Fatty Liver (Phase 2)

Feeding and Eating Disorders (Phase 1)

Fetal Death (Phase 3)

Fever (Phase 3)

Fever of Unknown Origin (Phase 3)

Fibrosis (Phase 3)

Fistula (Phase 4)

Food Hypersensitivity (Phase 3)

Fractures, Bone (Phase 4)

Fractures, Multiple (Phase 4)

Fragile X Syndrome (Phase 2)

Frailty (Phase 2)

Gallbladder Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Gastrinoma (Phase 2)

Gastroesophageal Reflux (Phase 2)

Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage (Phase 4)

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (Phase 2)

Genetic Diseases, Inborn (Phase 2)

Germinoma (Phase 1)

Glaucoma (Phase 4)

Glaucoma, Open-Angle (Phase 1)

Glioblastoma (Phase 2)

Glioma (Phase 2)

Gliosarcoma (Phase 2)

Glomerulonephritis, IGA (Phase 4)

Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental (Phase 4)

Glucagonoma (Phase 2)

Glucose Intolerance (Phase 4)

Graft vs Host Disease (Phase 2)

Granuloma (Phase 2)

Granulomatous Disease, Chronic (Phase 2)

Graves Ophthalmopathy (Phase 4)

Head and Neck Neoplasms (Phase 3)

Heart Diseases (Phase 4)

Heart Failure (Phase 4)

Hemangiosarcoma (Phase 2)

Hematologic Diseases (Phase 2)

Hematologic Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Hemophilia A (Phase 2)

Hemophilia B (Phase 2)

Hemorrhage (Phase 4)

Hepatitis (Phase 4)

Hepatitis A (Phase 4)

Hepatitis B (Phase 4)

Hepatitis B, Chronic (Phase 4)

Hepatitis C (Phase 4)

Hepatitis C, Chronic (Phase 4)

Hepatomegaly (Phase 2)

Herpes Zoster (Phase 4)

HIV Infections (Phase 4)

Hodgkin Disease (Phase 3)

Hyperalgesia (Phase 4)

Hyperammonemia (Phase 2)

Hypercholesterolemia (Phase 3)

Hypereosinophilic Syndrome (Phase 2)

Hyperinsulinism (Phase 1)

Hyperkinesis (Phase 4)

Hyperlipidemias (Phase 4)

Hyperlipoproteinemias (Phase 3)

Hypersensitivity (Phase 3)

Hypertension (Phase 4)

Hypertension, Pulmonary (Phase 4)

Hypoglycemia (Phase 2)

Hyponatremia (Phase 3)

Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Hypospadias (Phase 4)

Hypotension (Phase 2)

Hypothermia (Phase 2)

Hypoxia (Phase 3)

Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain (Phase 2)

Hysteria (Phase 4)

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (Phase 2)

Immune System Diseases (Phase 1)

Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy (Phase 2)

Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes (Phase 3)

Infant, Newborn, Diseases (Phase 3)

Infarction (Phase 2)

Infections (Phase 4)

Infertility (Phase 2)

Inflammation (Phase 4)

Influenza, Human (Phase 4)

Insulinoma (Phase 2)

Insulin Resistance (Phase 4)

Intellectual Disability (Phase 1)

Intermittent Claudication (Phase 2)

Intestinal Diseases (Phase 3)

Intestinal Neoplasms (Phase 1)

Intracranial Hemorrhages (Phase 3)

Intraocular Lymphoma (Phase 2)

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (Phase 2)

Ischemia (Phase 3)

Keratoconjunctivitis (Phase 1)

Kidney Diseases (Phase 4)

Kidney Failure, Chronic (Phase 4)

Kidney Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Laryngeal Diseases (Phase 1)

Laryngeal Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Leukemia (Phase 3)

Leukemia, B-Cell (Phase 2)

Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute (Phase 2)

Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute (Phase 2)

Leukemia, Hairy Cell (Phase 2)

Leukemia, Large Granular Lymphocytic (Phase 2)

Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell (Phase 2)

Leukemia, Lymphoid (Phase 2)

Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell (Phase 2)

Leukemia, Mast-Cell (Phase 2)

Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute (Phase 2)

Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute (Phase 2)

Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive (Phase 2)

Leukemia, Myeloid (Phase 3)

Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute (Phase 3)

Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative (Phase 2)

Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase (Phase 2)

Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute (Phase 2)

Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic (Phase 2)

Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Juvenile (Phase 2)

Leukemia, Prolymphocytic (Phase 2)

Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell (Phase 2)

Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute (Phase 3)

Leukemia, T-Cell (Phase 2)

Lichen Planus (Phase 2)

Liver Cirrhosis (Phase 1)

Liver Neoplasms (Phase 1)

Low Back Pain (Phase 4)

Lung Diseases (Phase 3)

Lung Injury (Phase 2)

Lung Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic (Phase 4)

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (Phase 2)

Lymphangioma (Phase 2)

Lymphatic Abnormalities (Phase 2)

Lymphatic Diseases (Phase 2)

Lymphedema (Phase 2)

Lymphoma (Phase 3)

Lymphoma, B-Cell (Phase 2)

Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone (Phase 2)

Lymphoma, Extranodal NK-T-Cell (Phase 2)

Lymphoma, Follicular (Phase 2)

Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse (Phase 2)

Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic (Phase 2)

Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Immunoblastic (Phase 2)

Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell (Phase 2)

Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin (Phase 3)

Lymphoma, T-Cell (Phase 2)

Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous (Phase 2)

Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral (Phase 2)

Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis (Phase 2)

Lymphoproliferative Disorders (Phase 3)

Macular Degeneration (Phase 2)

Macular Edema (Phase 2)

Mastocytosis (Phase 2)

Mastocytosis, Systemic (Phase 2)

Medulloblastoma (Phase 2)

Melanoma (Phase 2)

MELAS Syndrome (Phase 4)

Meningioma (Phase 1)

Meningitis (Phase 3)

Mental Disorders (Phase 4)

Mesothelioma (Phase 2)

Metabolic Diseases (Phase 2)

Metabolic Syndrome (Phase 4)

Migraine Disorders (Phase 2)

Milk Hypersensitivity (Phase 2)

Mitochondrial Diseases (Phase 2)

Mood Disorders (Phase 4)

Mouth Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome (Phase 3)

Multiple Chronic Conditions (Phase 3)

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (Phase 2)

Multiple Myeloma (Phase 3)

Multiple Pulmonary Nodules (Phase 2)

Multiple Sclerosis (Phase 3)

Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting (Phase 3)

Muscular Atrophy (Phase 2)

Muscular Atrophy, Spinal (Phase 2)

Musculoskeletal Diseases (Phase 4)

Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection (Phase 3)

Mycobacterium Infections (Phase 3)

Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous (Phase 3)

Mycoses (Phase 2)

Mycosis Fungoides (Phase 2)

Myelodysplastic-Myeloproliferative Diseases (Phase 2)

Myelodysplastic Syndromes (Phase 2)

Myeloproliferative Disorders (Phase 2)

Myocardial Bridging (Phase 2)

Myocardial Ischemia (Phase 3)

Myocarditis (Phase 2)

Nails, Malformed (Phase 3)

Nasal Obstruction (Phase 4)

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (Phase 2)

Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (Phase 2)

Neoplasm Metastasis (Phase 4)

Neoplasm, Residual (Phase 2)

Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal (Phase 2)

Neoplasms, Plasma Cell (Phase 3)

Neoplasms, Squamous Cell (Phase 1)

Neoplasms, Unknown Primary (Phase 2)

Nervous System Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Neuralgia (Phase 3)

Neural Tube Defects (Phase 2)

Neurilemmoma (Phase 1)

Neuroblastoma (Phase 3)

Neuroectodermal Tumors (Phase 2)

Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive (Phase 2)

Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral (Phase 2)

Neuroendocrine Tumors (Phase 2)

Neurofibromatoses (Phase 1)

Neurofibromatosis 2 (Phase 1)

Neuroma (Phase 1)

Neuroma, Acoustic (Phase 1)

Neuromyelitis Optica (Phase 1)

Neutropenia (Phase 3)

Nociceptive Pain (Phase 1)

Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (Phase 2)

Obesity (Phase 3)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (Phase 2)

Ocular Hypertension (Phase 4)

Oligodendroglioma (Phase 2)

Opioid-Related Disorders (Phase 4)

Opportunistic Infections (Phase 4)

Optic Nerve Diseases (Phase 1)

Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic (Phase 1)

Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficiency Disease (Phase 2)

Oropharyngeal Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Osteoarthritis (Phase 3)

Osteoarthritis, Knee (Phase 2)

Osteonecrosis (Phase 4)

Osteosarcoma (Phase 2)

Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases (Phase 4)

Ovarian Neoplasms (Phase 3)

Pachyonychia Congenita (Phase 3)

Pain, Postoperative (Phase 4)

Pancreatic Neoplasms (Phase 3)

Pancreatitis (Phase 2)

Pancreatitis, Chronic (Phase 2)

Papilloma (Phase 2)

Papilloma, Inverted (Phase 2)

Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms (Phase 1)

Parkinson Disease (Phase 4)

Parotid Neoplasms (Phase 1)

Peanut Hypersensitivity (Phase 3)

Pediatric Obesity (Phase 2)

Pemphigus (Phase 2)

Peripheral Arterial Disease (Phase 2)

Peripheral Vascular Diseases (Phase 2)

Peritoneal Neoplasms (Phase 3)

Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome (Phase 3)

Philadelphia Chromosome (Phase 1)

Pinealoma (Phase 2)

Plasmablastic Lymphoma (Phase 2)

Plasmacytoma (Phase 1)

Pneumonia (Phase 3)

Pneumonia, Aspiration (Phase 3)

Polycythemia (Phase 2)

Polycythemia Vera (Phase 2)

Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (Phase 4)

Postpartum Hemorrhage (Phase 3)

Pouchitis (Phase 3)

Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma (Phase 2)

Prediabetic State (Phase 3)

Pregnancy Complications (Phase 3)

Preleukemia (Phase 2)

Premature Birth (Phase 3)

Primary Myelofibrosis (Phase 2)

Propionic Acidemia (Phase 2)

Prostatic Neoplasms (Phase 3)

Pruritus (Phase 2)

Pseudomonas Infections (Phase 2)

Psychomotor Agitation (Phase 4)

Psychotic Disorders (Phase 4)

Puerperal Disorders (Phase 4)

Pulmonary Embolism (Phase 3)

Pulmonary Fibrosis (Phase 2)

Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency (Phase 3)

Purpura (Phase 3)

Purpura, Thrombocytopenic (Phase 3)

Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic (Phase 3)

Pyoderma (Phase 2)

Pyoderma Gangrenosum (Phase 2)

Quadriplegia (Phase 4)

Radiodermatitis (Phase 3)

Rectal Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Recurrence (Phase 2)

Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (Phase 1)

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (Phase 4)

Renal Insufficiency (Phase 4)

Renal Insufficiency, Chronic (Phase 3)

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Phase 3)

Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn (Phase 3)

Respiratory Insufficiency (Phase 3)

Retinal Diseases (Phase 3)

Retinal Vein Occlusion (Phase 1)

Retinoblastoma (Phase 2)

Retinopathy of Prematurity (Phase 3)

Rhinitis (Phase 1)

Rhinitis, Allergic (Phase 1)

Rib Fractures (Phase 4)

Rosacea (Phase 2)

Rotavirus Infections (Phase 1)

Rupture (Phase 2)

Salivary Gland Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Sarcoidosis (Phase 2)

Sarcoma (Phase 2)

Sarcoma, Ewing (Phase 2)

Schizophrenia (Phase 4)

Sciatica (Phase 1)

Scleritis (Phase 2)

Scleroderma, Diffuse (Phase 3)

Scleroderma, Localized (Phase 2)

Scleroderma, Systemic (Phase 3)

Sclerosis (Phase 3)

Seizures (Phase 4)

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (Phase 1)

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (Phase 1)

Sezary Syndrome (Phase 2)

Sinusitis (Phase 4)

Sjogren's Syndrome (Phase 3)

Skin Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm (Phase 4)

Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders (Phase 4)

Sleep Wake Disorders (Phase 4)

Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (Phase 2)

Somatoform Disorders (Phase 2)

Somatostatinoma (Phase 2)

Spasm (Phase 2)

Spinal Cord Injuries (Phase 4)

Spinal Dysraphism (Phase 2)

Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood (Phase 2)

Spinal Stenosis (Phase 4)

Splenomegaly (Phase 2)

Sprue, Tropical (Phase 3)

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck (Phase 2)

ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (Phase 3)

Stillbirth (Phase 3)

Stomach Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Streptococcal Infections (Phase 2)

Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic (Phase 4)

Stress Disorders, Traumatic (Phase 2)

Stroke (Phase 4)

Submandibular Gland Neoplasms (Phase 1)

Suicide (Phase 3)

Syndrome (Phase 3)

Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic (Phase 4)

Telangiectasis (Phase 4)

Tendinopathy (Phase 4)

Thalassemia (Phase 2)

Thrombocythemia, Essential (Phase 2)

Thrombocytosis (Phase 2)

Thromboembolism (Phase 3)

Thrombosis (Phase 3)

Thymoma (Phase 2)

Thymus Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic (Phase 2)

Thyroid Diseases (Phase 4)

Thyroid Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Tobacco Use Disorder (Phase 4)

Tongue Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Trigeminal Neuralgia (Phase 3)

Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Trisomy (Phase 2)

Tuberculosis (Phase 4)

Typhoid Fever (Phase 4)

Ulcer (Phase 3)

Urinary Bladder Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic (Phase 4)

Urinary Incontinence (Phase 4)

Urologic Neoplasms (Phase 2)

Uterine Inertia (Phase 2)

Vascular Diseases (Phase 2)

Vascular Malformations (Phase 1)

Venous Thromboembolism (Phase 3)

Venous Thrombosis (Phase 3)

Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia (Phase 2)

Weight Loss (Phase 3)

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (Phase 2)

Xerostomia (Phase 1)