Active Ingredient History
Metronidazole was synthesized by France's Rhone-Poulenc laboratories and introduced in the mid-1950s under the brand name Flagel in the US, while Sanofi-Aventis markets metronidazole globally under the same trade name, Flagyl, and also by various generic manufacturers. Metronidazole is one of the rare examples of a drug developed as ant parasitic, which has since gained broad use as an antibacterial agent. Metronidazole, a nitroimidazole, exerts antibacterial effects in an anaerobic environment against most obligate anaerobes. Metronidazole is indicated for the treatment of the following infections due to susceptible strains of sensitive organisms: Trichomoniasis: symptomatic, asymptomatic, asymptomatic consorts; Amebiasis: acute intestinal amebiasis (amebic dysentery) and amebic liver abscess; Anaerobic bacterial infections; Intra-abdominal infections, including peritonitis, intra-abdominal abscess, and liver abscess; Skin and skin structure infections; Gynecologic infections, including endometritis, endomyometritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and postsurgical vaginal cuff infection; Bacterial septicemia; Bone and joint infections, as adjunctive therapy; Central Nervous System infections, including meningitis and brain abscess; Lower Respiratory Tract infections, including pneumonia, empyema, and lung abscess; Endocarditis. Metronidazole is NOT effective for infections caused by aerobic bacteria that can survive in the presence of oxygen. Metronidazole is only effective against anaerobic bacterial infections because the presence of oxygen will inhibit the nitrogen-reduction process that is crucial to the drug's mechanism of action. Once metronidazole enters the organism by passive diffusion and activated in the cytoplasm of susceptible anaerobic bacteria, it is reduced; this process includes intracellular electron transport proteins such as ferredoxin, transfer of an electron to the nitro group of the metronidazole, and formation of a short-lived nitroso free radical. Because of this alteration of the metronidazole molecule, a concentration gradient is created and maintained which promotes the drug’s intracellular transport. The reduced form of metronidazole and free radicals can interact with DNA leading to inhibition of DNA synthesis and DNA degradation leading to death of the bacteria. The precise mechanism of action of metronidazole is unknown. Metronidazole has a limited spectrum of activity that encompasses various protozoans and most Gram-negative and Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria. Metronidazole has activity against protozoans like Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis, for which the drug was first approved as an effective treatment. NCATS
Drug Pricing (per unit)
Note: This drug pricing data is preliminary, incomplete, and may contain errors.
Combination drugs
| Organization | Org Type | FDA approvals | Clinical Trials involvement | Org ID | Force Sort |
|---|
| Organization | Org Type | FDA approvals | Clinical Trials involvement | Org ID | Force Sort |
|---|
Amebiasis (approved 1963)
Bacterial Infections (approved 1963)
Trichomonas Infections (approved 1963)
Abdominal Abscess (Phase 4)
Abortion, Septic (Phase 4)
Abscess (Phase 3)
Aggressive Periodontitis (Phase 4)
Alopecia (Phase 2)
Alopecia Areata (Phase 2)
Alveolar Bone Loss (Phase 4)
Amoxicillin (Phase 4)
Amputation, Surgical (Phase 4)
Anastomotic Leak (Phase 2)
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency (Phase 4)
Anti-Bacterial Agents (Phase 4)
Appendicitis (Phase 4)
Bacterial Infections (Phase 4)
Birth Weight (Phase 2)
Blastocystis Infections (Phase 4)
Blepharitis (Phase 3)
Brain Injuries (Phase 1)
Bronchiectasis (Phase 4)
Candidiasis (Phase 3)
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung (Phase 2)
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Cesarean Section (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Cholangitis, Sclerosing (Phase 1)
Cholecystitis (Phase 4)
Chorioamnionitis (Phase 2)
Chronic Periodontitis (Phase 4)
Clostridioides difficile (Phase 4)
Clostridium Infections (Phase 4)
Colitis (Phase 2)
Colitis, Ulcerative (Phase 4)
Colonic Diseases (Phase 2)
Colonic Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Colorectal Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Colorectal Surgery (Phase 4)
Community-Acquired Infections (Phase 4)
Critical Illness (Phase 2)
Crohn Disease (Phase 4)
Cross Infection (Phase 4)
Delivery, Obstetric (Phase 4)
Dental Pulp (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Dental Pulp Necrosis (Phase 4)
Dentistry (Phase 4)
Diabetes Mellitus (Phase 3)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Diabetic Foot (Phase 4)
Diarrhea (Phase 4)
Dientamoebiasis (Phase 4)
Digestive System Diseases (Phase 4)
Disease Eradication (Phase 4)
Diverticulitis (Phase 4)
Drug Misuse (Phase 4)
Drug Resistance, Bacterial (Phase 4)
Drugs, Generic (Phase 1)
Drugs, Investigational (Phase 4)
Dry Socket (Phase 2)
Duodenal Ulcer (Phase 3)
Dyspepsia (Phase 4)
Endometrial Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Endometriosis (Phase 4)
Enterocolitis (Phase 4)
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing (Phase 1)
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous (Phase 3)
Fecal Incontinence (Phase 3)
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (Early Phase 1)
Fever (Phase 2)
Gastrectomy (Phase 3)
Gastritis (Phase 4)
Gastritis, Atrophic (Phase 4)
Gastrointestinal Diseases (Phase 4)
Gastrointestinal Microbiome (Phase 4)
General Surgery (Phase 4)
Giardiasis (Phase 4)
Gingivitis (Phase 4)
Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia (Phase 3)
Healthy Volunteers (Phase 4)
Helicobacter (Phase 4)
Helicobacter Infections (Phase 4)
Helicobacter pylori (Phase 4)
Hemorrhoids (Phase 4)
Hepatic Encephalopathy (Phase 2)
HIV (Phase 3)
HIV Infections (Phase 4)
Infections ()
Infertility (Phase 2)
Inflammation (Phase 4)
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (Phase 2)
Interleukin-17 (Phase 4)
Intestinal Diseases (Phase 3)
Intestinal Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Intraabdominal Infections (Phase 4)
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (Phase 4)
Kidney Calculi (Phase 3)
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell (Phase 2)
Lichen Planus, Oral (Phase 2)
Lymphoma (Phase 3)
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse (Phase 2)
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin (Phase 3)
Malnutrition (Phase 2)
Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 (Phase 4)
Metronidazole (Phase 4)
Mucositis (Phase 4)
Mycoses (Phase 3)
Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Ofloxacin (Phase 4)
Osteomyelitis (Phase 2)
Pain (Phase 4)
Pain, Postoperative (Phase 4)
Pancreatic Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing (Phase 4)
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (Phase 4)
Peptic Ulcer (Phase 4)
Periapical Abscess (Phase 4)
Periapical Periodontitis (Phase 1)
Peri-Implantitis (Phase 4)
Periodontal Diseases (Phase 4)
Periodontal Pocket (Phase 4)
Periodontitis (Phase 4)
Peritonitis (Phase 4)
Pharmacokinetics (Phase 4)
Pilonidal Sinus (Phase 2)
Pneumonia (Phase 2)
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated (Phase 3)
Postoperative Complications (Phase 3)
Pouchitis (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Pregnancy Complications (Phase 4)
Premature Birth (Phase 2)
Prostatic Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Pseudomonas Infections (Phase 4)
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic (Phase 3)
Rabies (Phase 4)
RANK Ligand (Phase 4)
Rectal Fistula (Phase 3)
Rectal Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Recurrence (Phase 4)
Regeneration (Phase 1)
Root Planing (Phase 4)
Rosacea ()
Scleroderma, Systemic (Phase 4)
Sepsis (Phase 4)
Sexual Health (Phase 3)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (Phase 3)
Skin Manifestations (Phase 4)
Smoking (Phase 4)
Sprains and Strains (Phase 3)
Stomach Diseases (Phase 4)
Stomach Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Stomach Ulcer (Phase 3)
Stomatitis, Aphthous (Early Phase 1)
Surgical Wound Infection (Phase 4)
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (Phase 2)
Therapeutic Equivalency (Phase 1)
Tooth (Phase 2)
Trichomonas Infections (Phase 4)
Trichomonas Vaginitis (Phase 3)
Tuberculin (Phase 4)
Tuberculosis (Phase 2)
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant (Phase 2)
Ulcer (Phase 3)
Urinary Tract Infections (Phase 3)
Urogenital Diseases (Phase 3)
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Uterine Cervicitis (Early Phase 1)
Vagina (Phase 3)
Vaginal Discharge (Phase 3)
Vaginal Diseases (Phase 3)
Vaginitis (Phase 3)
Venous Thromboembolism (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Wound Infection (Phase 4)
Wounds and Injuries (Phase 4)
| Trial | Phase | Start Date | Organizations | Indications |
|---|
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