Active Ingredient History
Epinephrine is a sympathomimetic catecholamine. It acts as a naturally occurring agonist at both alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors. Three pharmacologic types have been identified: alpha 1-, alpha 2-, and beta-adrenergic receptors. Each of these has three subtypes, characterized by both structural and functional differences. The alpha 2 and beta receptors are coupled negatively and positively, respectively, to adenylyl cyclase via Gi or Gs regulatory proteins, and the alpha 1 receptors modulate phospholipase C via the Go protein. Subtype expression is regulated at the level of the gene, the mRNA, and the protein through various transcriptional and postsynthetic mechanisms. Through its action on alpha-adrenergic receptors, epinephrine lessens the vasodilation and increased vascular permeability that occurs during anaphylaxis, which can lead to loss of intravascular fluid volume and hypotension. Through its action on beta-adrenergic receptors, epinephrine causes bronchial smooth muscle relaxation and helps alleviate bronchospasm, wheezing and dyspnea that may occur during anaphylaxis. Epinephrine also alleviates pruritus, urticaria, and angioedema and may relieve gastrointestinal and genitourinary symptoms associated with anaphylaxis because of its relaxer effects on the smooth muscle of the stomach, intestine, uterus and urinary bladder. Epinephrine increases glycogenolysis, reduces glucose up take by tissues, and inhibits insulin release in the pancreas, resulting in hyperglycemia and increased blood lactic acid. NCATS
Drug Pricing (per unit)
Note: This drug pricing data is preliminary, incomplete, and may contain errors.
Combination drugs
Organization | Org Type | FDA approvals | Clinical Trials involvement | Org ID | Force Sort |
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Organization | Org Type | FDA approvals | Clinical Trials involvement | Org ID | Force Sort |
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Abscess (Phase 4)
Acetabularia (Phase 4)
Acute Coronary Syndrome (Phase 4)
Acute Lung Injury (Phase 2)
Acute Pain (Phase 4)
Adolescent (Phase 4)
Albuterol (Phase 4)
Analgesia (Phase 4)
Analgesics (Phase 4)
Analgesics, Opioid (Phase 4)
Anaphylaxis (Phase 4)
Anesthesia (Phase 4)
Anesthesia and Analgesia (Phase 4)
Anesthesia, Conduction (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Anesthesia, Local (Phase 4)
Anesthesia, Spinal (Phase 4)
Anesthetics, Local (Phase 4)
Angioedema (Phase 2)
Ankle Fractures (Phase 4)
Ankle Injuries (Phase 4)
Appendicitis (Phase 2)
Arrhythmias, Cardiac (Phase 4)
Arthritis (Phase 4)
Arthropathy, Neurogenic (Phase 4)
Arthroplasty (Phase 4)
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip (Phase 4)
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee (Phase 4)
Arthroscopy (Phase 4)
Asthma (Phase 4)
Bacteremia (Phase 4)
Behavior (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Blood Loss, Surgical (Phase 4)
Blood Pressure (Phase 4)
Blood Transfusion (Phase 3)
Brachial Plexus Block (Phase 4)
Brain Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Breast Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Bronchial Spasm (Phase 2)
Bronchiolitis (Phase 4)
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung (Phase 3)
Cardiac Output, High (Phase 4)
Cardiac Output, Low (Phase 4)
Cardiopulmonary Bypass (Phase 4)
Cardiovascular Diseases (Phase 4)
Cataract (Phase 4)
Central Nervous System Depressants (Phase 4)
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (Phase 4)
Cesarean Section (Phase 4)
Child (Phase 4)
Child Behavior (Phase 3)
Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic (Phase 4)
Cognition Disorders (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Colonic Polyps (Phase 4)
Colorectal Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Colorectal Surgery (Phase 4)
Crohn Disease (Phase 4)
Croup (Phase 4)
Death, Sudden, Cardiac (Phase 4)
Dental Caries (Phase 3)
Dental Implantation (Phase 4)
Dental Pulp Diseases (Phase 4)
Depression (Early Phase 1)
Dermatologic Surgical Procedures (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Dermatology (Phase 4)
Diabetes Complications (Early Phase 1)
Diabetes Mellitus (Phase 3)
Digestive System Diseases (Phase 4)
Dopamine (Phase 3)
Drugs, Investigational (Phase 4)
Duodenal Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Dyspnea (Phase 4)
Edema (Phase 4)
Epinephrine (Phase 4)
Epistaxis (Phase 3)
Esophageal Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Eye Diseases (Phase 4)
Eye Diseases, Hereditary (Phase 4)
Femoracetabular Impingement (Phase 4)
Femoral Neck Fractures (Phase 4)
Fissure in Ano (Phase 4)
Fractures, Bone (Phase 4)
Free Tissue Flaps (Phase 4)
Gastrointestinal Diseases (Phase 4)
Gastrointestinal Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Gender Dysphoria (Phase 3)
General Surgery (Phase 4)
Gingival Recession (Phase 4)
Goiter (Phase 3)
Hand Injuries (Phase 4)
Head and Neck Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Healthy Volunteers (Phase 2)
Heart Arrest (Phase 4)
Heart Diseases (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Heart Failure (Phase 2)
Hemodynamics (Phase 4)
Hemoptysis (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Hemorrhage (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Hemorrhoids (Phase 4)
Hepatitis C (Phase 1)
Hernia, Inguinal (Phase 4)
Hip Dislocation (Phase 4)
Hip Fractures (Phase 4)
Hypospadias (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Hypotension (Phase 4)
Immune System (Phase 1)
Infections (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (Phase 4)
Injection Site Reaction (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration (Phase 4)
Intestinal Diseases (Phase 4)
Intestinal Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Intestinal Polyps (Phase 4)
Knee Prosthesis (Early Phase 1)
Lacerations (Phase 4)
Linear Energy Transfer (Phase 4)
Lipectomy (Phase 3)
Lumbar Vertebrae (Phase 4)
Lung Diseases (Phase 4)
Lung Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Lung Transplantation (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Mastectomy, Radical (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Mastodynia (Phase 4)
Meningioma (Phase 4)
Molar, Third (Phase 4)
Morphine (Phase 4)
Mouth Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Musculoskeletal Diseases (Phase 4)
Musculoskeletal Pain (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Mydriasis (Phase 4)
Myoma (Phase 4)
Narcotics (Phase 4)
Nasal Polyps (Phase 4)
Nasal Septal Perforation (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Neoplasm Metastasis (Phase 3)
Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Nephrostomy, Percutaneous (Phase 4)
Nerve Block (Phase 4)
Nerve Fibers (Phase 4)
Neuralgia (Phase 4)
No-Reflow Phenomenon (Phase 4)
Obstetric Labor Complications (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Ophthalmology (Phase 4)
Opioid-Related Disorders (Phase 4)
Oral Hemorrhage (Phase 4)
Osteoarthritis (Phase 4)
Osteoarthritis, Hip (Phase 4)
Osteoarthritis, Knee (Phase 4)
Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (Phase 4)
Pain (Phase 4)
Pain Management (Phase 4)
Pain, Postoperative (Phase 4)
Pain, Procedural (Phase 4)
Pain, Referred (Phase 2)
Pancreatitis (Phase 4)
Paralysis (Phase 4)
Parathyroid Neoplasms (Early Phase 1)
Pediatric Dentistry (Phase 4)
Perfusion (Phase 4)
Periodontitis (Phase 4)
Pharmacokinetics (Phase 4)
Phytotherapy (Phase 4)
Pleural Effusion, Malignant (Early Phase 1)
Postoperative Hemorrhage (Phase 4)
Pregnancy (Phase 4)
Pterygium (Phase 4)
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (Phase 4)
Pulpitis (Phase 4)
Radiculopathy (Phase 4)
Rectal Fistula (Phase 4)
Respiratory Sounds (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections (Phase 4)
Respiratory Tract Infections (Phase 1)
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial (Phase 3)
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal (Phase 3)
Rhinoplasty (Phase 3)
Rotator Cuff Injuries (Phase 4)
Sepsis (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Shock (Phase 4)
Shock, Cardiogenic (Phase 4)
Shock, Septic (Phase 3)
Shoulder Impingement Syndrome (Phase 4)
Shoulder Injuries (Phase 4)
Shoulder Pain (Phase 4)
Sinusitis (Phase 4)
Skin Neoplasms (Early Phase 1)
Snake Bites (Phase 4)
Soft Tissue Injuries (Phase 2)
Spinal Injuries (Phase 4)
Spinal Stenosis (Phase 4)
Spondylolisthesis (Phase 4)
Spondylosis (Phase 4)
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (Phase 4)
Sternotomy (Phase 4)
Stomach Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Stomatognathic Diseases (Phase 3)
Surgical Wound Infection (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Synovial Cyst (Phase 4)
Tachycardia (Phase 4)
Tachycardia, Ventricular (Phase 2)
Thoracic Diseases (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Thoracic Surgery (Phase 4)
Thyroid Diseases (Phase 2)
Thyroid Gland (Early Phase 1)
Thyroid Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Tooth (Phase 4)
Tooth Abnormalities (Phase 4)
Tooth Extraction (Phase 4)
Tooth, Impacted (Phase 4)
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn (Phase 1)
Trigger Finger Disorder (Phase 4)
Urinary Incontinence, Stress (Phase 4)
Urination Disorders (Phase 4)
Urticaria (Phase 2)
Uterine Diseases (Phase 3)
Varicose Veins (Phase 4)
Venous Thromboembolism (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Ventricular Fibrillation (Phase 4)
Wounds and Injuries (Phase 2)
Trial | Phase | Start Date | Organizations | Indications |
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