Active Ingredient History
Alcohols exhibit rapid broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against vegetative bacteria (including mycobacteria), viruses, and fungi but are not sporicidal. They are, however, known to inhibit sporulation and spore germination, but this effect is reversible. Because of the lack of sporicidal activity, alcohols are not recommended for sterilization but are widely used for both hard-surface disinfection and skin antisepsis. Lower concentrations may also be used as preservatives and to potentiate the activity of other biocides. Many alcohol products include low levels of other biocides (in particular chlorhexidine), which remain on the skin following evaporation of the alcohol, or excipients (including emollients), which decrease the evaporation time of the alcohol and can significantly increase product efficacy. Ethanol in combination with: chlorhexidine gluconate 1% was approved to use in surgical hand antiseptic. It significantly reduces the number of microorganisms on the hands and forearms prior to surgery or patient care. Ethanol is also used as a co-solvent to dissolve many insoluble drugs and to serve as a mild sedative in some medicinal formulations. Ethanol is metabolized by the hepatic enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. Ethanol affects the brain’s neurons in several ways. It alters their membranes as well as their ion channels, enzymes, and receptors. Alcohol also binds directly to the receptors for acetylcholine, serotonin, GABA, and the NMDA receptors for glutamate. The sedative effects of ethanol are mediated through binding to GABA receptors and glycine receptors (alpha 1 and alpha 2 subunits). It also inhibits NMDA receptor functioning. In its role as an anti-infective, ethanol acts as an osmolyte or dehydrating agent that disrupts the osmotic balance across cell membranes. NCATS
Drug Pricing (per unit)
Note: This drug pricing data is preliminary, incomplete, and may contain errors.
Combination drugs
| Organization | Org Type | FDA approvals | Clinical Trials involvement | Org ID | Force Sort |
|---|
| Organization | Org Type | FDA approvals | Clinical Trials involvement | Org ID | Force Sort |
|---|
Bacterial Infections (approved 2001)
Abscess (Early Phase 1)
Acne Vulgaris (Phase 4)
Acute Kidney Injury (Phase 3)
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Adenoma (Phase 1)
Alcohol Drinking (Phase 4)
Alcoholic Intoxication (Phase 3)
Alcohol-Induced Disorders (Phase 3)
Alcoholism (Phase 4)
Alcohol-Related Disorders (Phase 1)
Alopecia (Phase 2)
Altruism (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Amphetamine-Related Disorders (Phase 1)
Analgesics, Opioid (Phase 1)
Antisepsis (Phase 4)
Anxiety Disorders (Phase 1)
Atrial Fibrillation (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Automobile Driving (Phase 3)
Bacteremia (Phase 4)
Bacterial Infections (Phase 4)
Bariatric Surgery (Early Phase 1)
Binge Drinking (Phase 2)
Bipolar Disorder (Phase 1)
Blood-Borne Infections (Phase 3)
Blood Loss, Surgical (Phase 3)
BRCA1 Protein (Phase 2)
Breast Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Cancer Pain (Phase 4)
Cannabis (Phase 2)
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular (Phase 3)
Cardiomyopathies (Phase 2)
Catheterization, Central Venous (Phase 4)
Catheter-Related Infections (Phase 4)
Catheters (Phase 3)
Central Nervous System (Phase 1)
Central Nervous System Depressants (Early Phase 1)
Cigarette Smoking (Phase 4)
Cocaine-Related Disorders (Phase 4)
Constipation (Phase 2)
Coronavirus Infections (Phase 2)
COVID-19 (Phase 3)
Dental Plaque (Phase 3)
Depression (Phase 2)
Depressive Disorder, Major (Phase 1)
Diabetes Mellitus (Phase 4)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 (Phase 4)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 (Phase 2)
Drinking Behavior (Early Phase 1)
Driving Under the Influence (Phase 2)
Drug Interactions (Phase 1)
Drugs, Investigational (Phase 2)
Dysmenorrhea (Phase 2)
Endometriosis (Early Phase 1)
Erectile Dysfunction (Phase 1)
Essential Hypertension (Phase 2)
Ethanol (Early Phase 1)
Fibrosis (Phase 2/Phase 3)
General Surgery (Phase 4)
Genetics (Phase 1)
Gingivitis (Phase 4)
Hair (Phase 4)
Hand Injuries (Phase 4)
Healthy Volunteers (Phase 4)
Hemodialysis, Home (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Hepatitis C (Phase 1)
Herpes Labialis (Phase 2)
Herpesvirus 1, Human (Early Phase 1)
HIV Infections (Phase 2)
Hyperhidrosis (Phase 1)
Hypertension (Phase 2)
Hypoglycemia (Phase 4)
Infections (Phase 3)
Keratosis, Actinic (Phase 2)
Kidney Failure, Chronic (Phase 2)
Lead Poisoning (Phase 4)
Leukemia (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic (Phase 4)
Lymphoma (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Lymphoproliferative Disorders (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Phase 2)
Marijuana Use (Phase 4)
Men (Phase 1)
Morals (Phase 3)
Multiple Myeloma (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Mutation (Phase 2)
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Myeloproliferative Disorders (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Neonatology (Phase 2)
Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous (Phase 1)
Neuralgia (Phase 2)
Neurobehavioral Manifestations (Phase 2)
Neuroblastoma (Phase 1)
Neutropenia (Phase 3)
Nevus (Early Phase 1)
Nicotine (Phase 1)
Obesity (Phase 2)
Osteoarthritis (Phase 4)
Osteoarthritis, Hip (Phase 4)
Overweight (Phase 2)
Pain (Phase 4)
Pain Management (Phase 4)
Pancreatic Cyst (Phase 3)
Pancreatic Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Pharmacokinetics (Phase 3)
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors (Phase 1)
Physiological Effects of Drugs (Early Phase 1)
Placebos (Phase 2)
Prediabetic State (Phase 3)
Prostatic Hyperplasia (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Psychological Distress (Early Phase 1)
Psychomotor Disorders (Early Phase 1)
Pulpitis (Early Phase 1)
Root Resorption (Early Phase 1)
Sepsis (Phase 3)
Sexual Behavior (Phase 1)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (Phase 1)
Short Bowel Syndrome (Phase 2)
Sleep (Phase 2)
Stress, Physiological (Early Phase 1)
Substance-Related Disorders (Phase 1)
Surgical Wound Infection (Phase 3)
Tachycardia, Ventricular (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Thyroid Nodule (Phase 1)
Tobacco Use (Early Phase 1)
Toes (Phase 4)
Tooth Mobility (Early Phase 1)
Toxicity Tests (Early Phase 1)
Tremor (Phase 2)
Urinary Catheters (Phase 1)
Venous Cutdown (Phase 4)
Viruses (Early Phase 1)
| Trial | Phase | Start Date | Organizations | Indications |
|---|
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