Active Ingredient History
Tramadol (sold under the brand name Ultram) is a narcotic analgesic proposed for moderate to severe pain. Tramadol and its O-desmethyl metabolite (M1) are selective, weak OP3-receptor agonists. Opiate receptors are coupled with G-protein receptors and function as both positive and negative regulators of synaptic transmission via G-proteins that activate effector proteins. As the effector system is adenylate cyclase and cAMP located at the inner surface of the plasma membrane, opioids decrease intracellular cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase. Subsequently, the release of nociceptive neurotransmitters such as substance P, GABA, dopamine, acetylcholine, and noradrenaline is inhibited. The analgesic properties of Tramadol can be attributed to norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake blockade in the CNS, which inhibits pain transmission in the spinal cord. The (+) enantiomer has the higher affinity for the OP3 receptor and preferentially inhibits serotonin uptake and enhances serotonin release. The (-) enantiomer preferentially inhibits norepinephrine reuptake by stimulating alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors. Tramadol is used primarily to treat mild-severe pain, both acute and chronic. Its analgesic effects take about one hour to come into effect and 2 h to 4 h to peak after oral administration with an immediate-release formulation. On a dose-by-dose basis, tramadol has about one-tenth the potency of morphine and is approximately equally potent when compared to pethidine and codeine. The most common adverse effects of tramadol include nausea, dizziness, dry mouth, indigestion, abdominal pain, vertigo, vomiting, constipation, drowsiness, and headache. Compared to other opioids, respiratory depression and constipation are considered less of a problem with tramadol. NCATS
Drug Pricing (per unit)
Note: This drug pricing data is preliminary, incomplete, and may contain errors.
Combination drugs
| Organization | Org Type | FDA approvals | Clinical Trials involvement | Org ID | Force Sort |
|---|
| Organization | Org Type | FDA approvals | Clinical Trials involvement | Org ID | Force Sort |
|---|
Abdominal Pain (Phase 3)
Acute Pain (Phase 4)
Aging (Phase 1)
Ambulatory Surgical Procedures (Phase 2)
Amitriptyline (Phase 3)
Analgesia (Phase 4)
Analgesics, Opioid (Phase 4)
Anesthesia (Phase 4)
Anesthesia, Epidural (Phase 4)
Anesthesia, General (Phase 3)
Anesthesia Recovery Period (Phase 4)
Anesthesia, Spinal (Phase 3)
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Arthritis (Phase 2)
Arthritis, Rheumatoid (Phase 4)
Arthropathy, Neurogenic (Phase 4)
Arthroplasty (Phase 4)
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee (Phase 3)
Autism Spectrum Disorder (Phase 2)
Back Pain (Phase 4)
Behavior, Addictive (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Biological Availability (Phase 1)
Blood Coagulation (Phase 4)
Blood Platelet Disorders (Phase 4)
Brain Injuries (Phase 2)
Brain Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Breast Neoplasms (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Buprenorphine (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Cesarean Section (Phase 4)
Child (Phase 4)
Chronic Disease (Phase 4)
Chronic Pain (Phase 4)
Colonic Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Communication (Phase 2)
Consciousness Disorders (Phase 2)
Constipation (Phase 4)
Contraception (Phase 3)
COVID-19 (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Dental Implantation, Endosseous (Phase 4)
Depression (Phase 4)
Depressive Disorder, Major (Phase 2)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 (Phase 4)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 (Phase 4)
Diabetic Neuropathies (Phase 4)
Diverticulitis, Colonic (Phase 4)
Drugs, Generic (Phase 1)
Dysmenorrhea (Phase 4)
Eye Neoplasms (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Fertility (Phase 4)
Fibromyalgia (Phase 4)
Fractures, Bone (Phase 4)
Gallstones (Phase 4)
General Surgery (Phase 4)
Growth Hormone (Phase 2)
Headache (Phase 4)
Healthy Volunteers (Phase 4)
Hernia (Phase 4)
Hernia, Inguinal (Phase 4)
Hip Fractures (Phase 4)
HIV (Phase 2)
HIV Infections (Phase 2)
Hyperplasia (Phase 4)
Hysterectomy (Phase 4)
Hysteroscopy (Phase 4)
Ileus (Phase 4)
Infections (Phase 3)
Infertility (Phase 4)
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction (Phase 4)
Intrauterine Devices (Phase 4)
Intubation, Intratracheal (Phase 4)
Kidney Calculi (Phase 4)
Labor, Obstetric (Phase 2)
Laparoscopy (Phase 4)
Leprosy (Phase 3)
Liver Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Low Back Pain (Phase 4)
Lumbar Vertebrae (Phase 4)
Lung Diseases (Phase 4)
Lymphoma (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Male (Phase 3)
Mastectomy (Phase 4)
Melanoma (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Migraine Disorders (Phase 4)
Muscle Weakness (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Nasal Polyps (Phase 4)
Nausea (Phase 2)
Neck Pain (Phase 4)
Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Nephrectomy (Phase 4)
Nerve Degeneration (Phase 3)
Nerve Fibers (Phase 4)
Neuralgia (Phase 4)
Neuralgia, Postherpetic (Phase 4)
Only Child (Phase 4)
Opioid-Related Disorders (Phase 3)
Osteoarthritis (Phase 4)
Osteoarthritis, Knee (Phase 3)
Pain ()
Pain Management (Phase 3)
Pain, Postoperative (Phase 4)
Pain, Procedural (Phase 3)
Pancreatitis (Phase 3)
Parathyroid Diseases (Phase 4)
Parathyroid Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Patient Satisfaction (Phase 4)
Persistent Vegetative State (Phase 2)
Pharmacokinetics (Phase 1)
Postoperative Complications (Phase 4)
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (Phase 4)
Postoperative Period (Phase 4)
Premature Ejaculation (Phase 4)
Pruritus (Phase 2)
Pulpitis (Phase 4)
Quality of Life (Phase 4)
Recovery of Function (Phase 4)
Rectal Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Rheumatic Diseases (Phase 4)
Rotator Cuff Injuries (Phase 4)
Shivering (Phase 4)
Shoulder Dislocation (Phase 2)
Shoulder Fractures (Phase 2)
Shoulder Pain (Phase 4)
Sleep Apnea Syndromes (Phase 4)
Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic (Phase 4)
Spinal Cord Injuries (Phase 3)
Spinal Diseases (Phase 4)
Spinal Stenosis (Phase 4)
Spondylitis, Ankylosing (Phase 4)
Sprains and Strains (Phase 3)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck (Phase 2)
Stomach Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic (Phase 4)
Substance Abuse, Oral (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Surgery, Oral (Phase 4)
Tendon Injuries (Phase 4)
Thoracic Diseases (Phase 4)
Thyroid Diseases (Phase 4)
Thyroid Gland (Phase 4)
Thyroid Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Thyroid Nodule (Phase 4)
Tonsillitis (Phase 4)
Tooth (Phase 3)
Urinary Catheters (Phase 3)
Vertigo (Phase 2)
Wounds and Injuries (Phase 4)
| Trial | Phase | Start Date | Organizations | Indications |
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