Active Ingredient History

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Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the phenylacetic acid class with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties. Contrary to the action of many traditional NSAIDs, diclofenac inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 enzyme with greater potency than it does COX-1. In addition diclofenac can inhibit the thromboxane-prostanoid receptor, affect arachidonic acid release and uptake, inhibit lipoxygenase enzymes, and activate the nitric oxide-cGMP antinociceptive pathway. Other novel mechanisms of action may include the inhibition of substrate P, inhibition of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), blockage of acid-sensing ion channels, alteration of interleukin-6 production, and inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor hyperalgesia. Similar to other NSAIDs, diclofenac is associated with serious dose-dependent gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and renal adverse effects. Since its introduction in 1973, a number of different diclofenac-containing drug products have been developed with the goal of improving efficacy, tolerability, and patient convenience. Delayed- and extended-release forms of diclofenac sodium were initially developed with the goal of improving the safety profile of diclofenac and providing convenient, once-daily dosing for the treatment of patients with chronic pain. New drug products consisting of diclofenac potassium salt were associated with faster absorption and rapid onset of pain relief. These include diclofenac potassium immediate-release tablets, diclofenac potassium liquid-filled soft gel capsules, and diclofenac potassium powder for oral solution. The advent of topical formulations of diclofenac enabled local treatment of pain and inflammation while minimizing systemic absorption of diclofenac. SoluMatrix diclofenac, consisting of submicron particles of diclofenac free acid and a proprietary combination of excipients, was developed to provide analgesic efficacy at reduced doses associated with lower systemic absorption. The drug's likely impact on the Asian vulture population was widely reported. The dramatic mortality was attributed largely to renal failure caused by exposure to diclofenac in livestock carcasses on which the birds fed. Although not the most endearing species, vultures are important environmental scavengers and, since veterinary use of diclofenac was stopped in the region in 2006, the decline in vulture numbers has slowed.   NCATS

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Drug Pricing (per unit)

Australia

$0.0245 - $36.4856

United States

$0.0335 - $87.4000
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Note: This drug pricing data is preliminary, incomplete, and may contain errors.

Combination drugs

[2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetic acid | 2-((2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino)benzeneacetic acid | abitren | acoflam | acoflam ret | acoflam sr | arthronac | arthrotec | arthrotec 50 | arthrotec 75 | cambia | cataflam | cgp-45840b | closteril 100 | defanac | defanac retard | defanac sr | dexomon ret | dexomon sr | dhep | diclofenac | diclofenac 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidinium salt | diclofenac acid | diclofenac calcium | diclofenac diethylamine | diclofenac epolamine | diclofenac-epolamine | diclofenac hydroxyethylpyrrolidine | diclofenac-n-(2-hydroxyethyl) pyrrolidine | diclofenaco | diclofenac potassium | diclofenac sod | diclofenac sodium | diclofenacum | diclofenamic acid | dicloflex | dicloflex ret | dicloflex sr | diclomax ret | diclomax sr | diclotard 100 mr | diclotard 75 mr | diclovol | diclovol ret | diclovol sr | diclozip 25 | diclozip 50 | diep | difenor xl | digenac xl 100 | econac | econac sr | econac xl | enstar sr | enstar xl | enzed | epolamine | epolamine hydrochloride | fenactol | fenactol ret | fenactol sr | flamatak mr | flamrase | flamrase sr | flector | flector patch | flexotard mr | gdc 695 | gp-45840 | hydroxyethylpyrrolidine | isclofen | las41007 | lofensaid 25 | lofensaid 50 | lofensaid ret 100 | lofensaid ret 75 | masidemen | misofen | mobigel | mobigel paineze | motifene | n-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,5-(14c)-pyrrolidine | n-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidine | n-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidinium (2-((2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino)phenyl)acetate | pennsaid | potassium diclofenac | pro-513 | rheumatac ret 75 | rhumalgan | rhumalgan cr 100 | rhumalgan cr 75 | rhumalgan sr | rhumalgan xl | slofenac | sodium diclofenac | solaraze | valdic 100 ret | valdic 75 ret | valenac | volraman | volsaid ret 100 | volsaid ret 75 | voltaren | voltarene | voltarene emulgel | voltarene l.p. | voltaren emulgel | voltarene ret | voltaren ophthalmic | voltaren ret | voltaren xr | voltaren-xr | voltarol | voltarol 12 hour emulgel p | voltarol active | voltarol emulgel | voltarol emulgel p | voltarol gel patch | voltarol joint pain | voltarol ophtha | voltarol pain-eze | voltarol pain-eze emulgel | voltarol pain-eze extra strgh | voltarol rapid | voltarol ret | voltarol sr | zipsor

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